David Barreto de Aguiar
State University of Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Ubirajara Aluizio
State University of Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Victor Paulo
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
The enactment of the new CONAMA Resolution No. 499/2020 now authorizes the co-processing of agrochemical packaging and post-consumption leftovers, which were previously prohibited. Due to this issue, the reverse logistics of these packages, consolidated in Brazil for almost two decades, will suffer serious threats. The general objective of this work is to investigate the potential environmental impacts generated by the recent regulation, identifying the states, immediate and intermediate regions and municipalities that will be most affected by these legal changes. For this, a comparison of the impacts between the Campo Limpo System and co-processing was made through Life Cycle Assessment, considering as a functional unit the final destination of 45 thousand tons of packages and 100 tons of leftovers in a period of one year, using the ReCiPe method. The results proved that the potential impacts are lower by 12% in the climate change category, 7% in marine ecotoxicity, 2% in water ecotoxicity, and 1% for particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidant formation, and human toxicity in the Campo Limpo system. We conclude that the new CONAMA resolution will encourage environmental setbacks and will not contribute to the mitigation of any impact on disposal. The Metropolitan Mesoregion of Belo Horizonte and the municipality of Cantagalo-RJ will be the places that will suffer most from these impacts because they have the highest concentration of clinker ovens for co-processing in the national territory. The continuity of the Campo Limpo program is recommended as the best option for final disposal of this high environmental risk waste.
Keywords: Co-processing; Pesticides; Packaging; Reverse Logistics; Environmental Impacts.
With the enactment of Federal Law No. 12,305 of 2010 (Brazil, 2010), which addresses the National Policy for Solid Waste in Brazil, several industry sectors, such as tires, batteries, and electro-electronics, have sought to advance in the implementation of reverse logistics of their waste based on industry agreements, but not as successfully as the sector of pesticide packaging and its waste, which, by force of Law No. 7,802 of July 11, 1989, subsequently amended by Law No. 9,974 of June 6, 2000 and Decree No. 4,074 of January 4, 2002 (MMA, 2014), had already implemented a system.
As of the year 2002, the National Institute for Empty Packaging Processing (INPEV, 2019a) was created and began operating this collection and reprocessing system, called Campo Limpo (CL). After almost two decades, the CL system has become a world reference, reaching 94% recycling of these packages throughout Brazil (INPEV, 2020).
The CL system as a whole is composed of the following stages: washing, storage, electronic scheduling, receiving units, and final destination. The structure of the system has 411 stations and receiving centers throughout Brazil (INPEV, 2020).
Since the beginning of the program, approximately 1.4 billion has been invested by the pesticide sector that makes up INPEV to fund the activities of all links in the chain, with the collection of 550,000 tons of pesticides, with 45,000 tons in 2019. In 2018, 100 tons of post-consumption pesticide waste was also collected. The leftovers, which are delivered to the system's receiving units, are properly packaged in barrels and follow the same destination as unwashed packaging, incineration (INPEV, 2019ª).
In addition to reverse logistics, the CL system also enables the circular economy, manufacturing new packages from post-consumption resin, supplying the sector itself. In addition, this resin is also used in the manufacture of other materials, such as artifacts for the construction industry, transportation and energy, generating savings of natural resources and avoiding the emission of 752,658 tons of CO2 in the period between 2002 and 2019 (INPEV, 2019a).
However, the enactment of the new CONAMA Resolution No. 499 of October 6, 2020 (CONAMA, 2020), which revoked Resolution No. 264 of August 6, 1999 (CONAMA, 2000), provides for the licensing of waste co-processing (CP) activities in rotary kilns for clinker production, and threatens the environmental gains achieved over the years by the implementation of the CL system, since the old resolution vetoed the CP of pesticides and toxic waste.
The CP technique has been employed worldwide in order to reduce fossil fuel and raw material consumption in cement manufacturing, which has enabled the reduction of CO2 emissions. This involves the use of, for example, rejected tires from industrial activities, oils and grease, solvents, paint residues, other residues with combustible characteristics, and even urban solid residues, as alternative fuels and raw materials (Lamas et al., 2013, p. 201; Dias et al. 1999, p. 155).
In the scope of this new resolution, in the sole paragraph of Article 2, it is mentioned that the environmental agency may authorize the CP of residues with concentrations of organic pollutants higher than those established by the resolution itself, as long as environmental gains are proven, such as:
I - reduction in the emission of pollutants, greenhouse gases, among others; II - elimination or reduction of the need for final disposal of waste; III - depollution of areas or water courses; IV - the CP is presented as an environmentally more appropriate and safe technology for the final disposal of waste, among others (CONAMA, 2020).
Annex I of the mentioned resolution presents a list of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) that may be co-processed (CONAMA, 2020).
POPs have different synthetic organic physical and chemical characteristics such as semi-volativeness, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. These compounds are present in agrochemicals (CETESB, 2020a).
It is worth mentioning that the cement production activity has many impacts, such as contributing to the scarcity of abiotic resources from the mineral extraction of gypsum and other components, as well as the consumption of fossil fuel sources, necessary in the production of clinker, which leads to atmospheric emissions that contribute to climate change.
The use of cement kilns for CP requires secondary facilities for waste storage and handling that ensure safety for both workers and the environment, such as a hazardous waste processing plant (Dias et al., 1999). The study conducted by Aguiar et al., (2020) reports the potential impacts on health and the environment of the preparation of more than one hundred and seventy types of waste, from the most diverse sectors of national industry, in facilities known as blendeiras ("blenders"), located in Magé-RJ. In Brazil, there are nineteen blenders (Abetre, 2013). Pinto Jr. and Braga (2009) found a process of illness among cement factory workers who handled the waste before it was co-incinerated in cement kilns. They highlight symptoms such as discomfort to the unpleasant odor, headache, nausea, burning eyes, respiratory problems, skin contamination, itching, dizziness, and fainting.
It is understood that regional development plans, projects, and policies must take into consideration several sustainability criteria. Among them is the promotion and use of environmental management of hazardous substances and waste (MMA, 2002). Therefore, the justifications employed by the aforementioned CONAMA resolution are extremely fragile and should be subject to analysis with regard to the consequences to the environment, with social and economic developments that this new framework can bring to the Brazilian regions.
"The general objective of this work is to compare the potential environmental impacts generated in the disposal of agrochemical packaging and leftovers by the traditional Campo Limpo system with the co-processing proposed by the recent regulation of the new CONAMA resolution, identifying the states, the immediate and intermediate regions, and the municipalities that will be most affected by these legal changes. Geographical contexts of CL and CP systems".
The final disposal units of the CL system are fourteen in total, specifically ten recycling plants and four incinerators. These plants are located in three regions of Brazil: Southeast, South, and Midwest (Table 1).
The state of São Paulo is home to the most units, seven recyclers and two incinerators (INPEV, 2019b). The immediate regions of São Paulo, represented by the municipalities of Guarulhos, Taboão da Serra and Suzano and that of Taubaté-Pindamonhangaba, are those that concentrate a greater number of disposal units, three each.
The cement plants with rotary kilns licensed for PC in Brazil are thirty-eight and belong to nine business groups. These cement plants are located in thirty-six municipalities, 45% of which are located in the Southeast Region (Table 2). The municipality with the largest number of plants is Cantagalo-RJ, which has a cement hub, with three plants (ABCP, 2020), within a radius of only 5km.
The State of Minas Gerais has the largest concentration of cement plants with kilns for co-processing in Brazil, with eight units located within a radius of approximately 200 km, only in the Metropolitan Mesoregion of Belo Horizonte (Mesorregião Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte - MMBH). The non-metallic minerals sector, where the cement sector is included, is considered one of the most developed economic activities in this region (AMM, 2014).
Figure 1 shows the geographical distribution of the PC units and also of the recyclers and incinerators of the CL system throughout the country.
In this study, the method that will be used for comparison between the two systems is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This method has as its main references the technical standards NBR ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2009 (ABNT 2009). This methodology is divided into four steps: definition of objective and scope, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis, Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), and interpretation, which in this study will be replaced by the conclusions section.
The scope of this study covers a comparison between the disposal process of the CL system and the PC system.
The functional unit for this comparison will be the treatment of 45,000 tons of packaging and 100 tons of post-consumer pesticide waste destined in one year. These figures are based on the CL system's disposal data in 2019.
For the purposes of delimiting the system boundary, only the final disposal stage was considered using the "gate-to-grave" approach. This study did not compute the impact of waste generation, transportation, waste storage in previous stages, or the new life cycle of packaging arising from recycling in the specific case of CL.
The substance high density polyethylene (HDPE) was chosen for pesticide containers, which represent the largest quantity among the types of packaging. Glyphosate, the most widely used pesticide in Brazil, was chosen for the pesticide leftovers.
In the CL product system, the percentage of recycled packages is 94% of the total packages collected, and the rest (6%) is incinerated along with the leftover pesticides (INPEV, 2019b). As for the PC product system, the disposal of 100% of these same wastes in the cement kiln was considered. In the PC, natural resources for the manufacture of cement and other co-processed waste were not considered, i.e., only packaging and leftovers were considered. The percentage of 5% was used as a mass cutoff criterion, i.e., any mass entering the process that corresponds to less than 5% of the total mass of the product was eliminated. Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of the system boundaries.
The chosen LCIA method was ReCiPe V.1.04 Midpoint (H), which considers a balance of effects between the short and long term (Rocha, 2017). The normalization set was ReCiPe World H. The ReCiPe method is recommended for LCIA in Brazil (Mendes et al., 2016, p. 165; IBICT, 2019), as they present the impacts characterization factors, created by Huijbregtset et al. (2016) for the categories Photochemical Oxidant Formation (POF), Particulate Matter Formation (PMF), Terrestrial Acidification (TA), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), and Water Depletion (WD), specific for the country.
From the data collected based on the balance of the year 2019 of the CL system (INPEV 2019b), the LCI was obtained based on the elementary flows coming from or going to the environment (resources, emissions, effluents, and depositions) with the aid of the SimaPro Data Server software (2006) with ecoinvent, resulting in many flows in the inventory, which were subsequently reduced by the cut-off criteria.
SimaPro v.7.2 (2010) software was used to study the environmental impact categories. All categories of the ReCiPe method were adopted, aiming for a broad investigation of the impacts. Table 3 provides a brief definition of the impact categories.
In order to reduce uncertainties, the LCIA was limited to characterization only, i.e., the contribution of each impact stipulated through the flows of raw materials and emissions that are estimated using the characterization factors (H) of the ReCiPe method - 2016 (Huijbregts et al., 2016).
The interpretation of the results of the LCIA sought to correlate the impacts found in the comparative with the environmental prognosis of the regions and municipalities that will suffer the greatest environmental pressures as a result of the change in legislation.
Although the methods classify the impacts by the spatial criterion, in this work, it was considered that the mechanisms of global impacts, such as Climate Change and the Depletion of the Ozone Layer, will bring possible consequences at the regional and local scale, both in the natural environment and in human health (JRC-IES 2010).
Table 4 shows the LCI containing the main input and output flows of the final disposal systems of the studied systems.
After submitting the inventory data to characterization, the results indicated that the CP of agrochemical packaging and leftovers presented increased impacts in the categories: CC, MET, WEC, HT, POF, PMF and WD. The results of the characterization can be seen in Table 5.
Thus, the consequences of the impacts brought about by the change in the criteria for licensing CP activities will be aggravated in the regions that host these activities and, by the geographical criteria presented in the section "Geographical contexts of the CL and CP systems", the MMBH stands out in the regional context and the municipality of Cantagalo-RJ in the local context.
In the CC category, the impact will be aggravated by 12% in the CP. The main substance contributing to the impact is fossil carbon dioxide emitted into the air from waste burning in kilns (Figure 3). Climate change causes extreme events such as flooding in urban areas and forest fires from drought, reduction and migration of biodiversity, and effects on human health such as thermal discomfort, stress, and infectious diseases (JRC-IES, 2010). Studies on climate change in MMBH point to the following sensitivities: poor road infrastructure conditions, population concentrated in urban areas, high urbanization (heat islands), relevant environmental risk, and risks of intense rainfall (FEAM, 2014).
As for impacts on ecosystems, there was a 7% and 2% growth by CP, in the MET and WEC impact categories, respectively (Figure 3). In both, the main substance responsible was phosphorus emitted into the water. In water, phosphorus reacts with oxygen and in an environment with little oxygen, can generate more toxic substances, such as phosphine (COFIC, 2020).
The worsening of the MET impact applies directly to the context of CPs situated in locations on the Brazilian coast, more specifically, the municipalities of João Pessoa (PB) and Laranjeiras (SE).
As for the impact of the WEC, this has a direct effect on the quality of the hydric resources in all locations. The largest concentration of CP furnaces in the state of Minas Gerais is overlapped with two national hydrographic regions, that of the São Francisco River and Paraná River, with emphasis on the Rio Grande (GD2) and Upper São Francisco River slope basins, with the Rio das Velhas as the main tributary, on the limits of the State Environmental Protection Area of Cachoeira das Andorinhas (CBHSF 2018; IGAM, 2020), sheltering springs that give rise to the water body with the same name, which is a water catchment and supply point for the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (ISA, 2010). In the municipality of Cantagalo, the most vulnerable basins are those of Negro River and Macuco River, where the cement industry is located.
The phosphorus emitted into the atmosphere, in turn, was the main substance responsible for HT, which showed a 1% increase in CP (Figure 3). Phosphorus is probably emitted first into the atmosphere after the CP of glyphosate and subsequently deposited in soil and water. Glyphosate is a compound from the group of organophosphorus pesticides, which are the most dangerous and toxic, although less persistent in soil (Matos, 2010). Chronic exposure to phosphorus, usually in the workplace, can lead to bone necrosis, spontaneous fractures, anemia, and weight loss (COFIC, 2020).
Photochemical Oxidant Formation and Particulate Matter Formation also had the CP increase by 1%. The main substance emitted was nitrogen oxide (NOx). NOx are irritating to the eyes and poisonous if inhaled (CETESB, 2020b).
The CP also proved to be more impactful at 0.5% in the WD category and 0.2% for FD (Figure 3). The higher water consumption in the CP may be linked to the wetting of roads for dust reduction and, especially, for the cooling system of the plant (Matos, 2010). Fossil depletion is due to the use of fossil sources such as petroleum coke, which are traditional fuels for cement kilns.
It is worth remembering that all the percentages of impact increase found are extremely relevant, even the smallest, since the CP already has great polluting potential (COPAM, 2017), as recorded in the "Scope" section, and will be further accentuated by the insertion of pesticide packaging and leftovers.
Considering the results obtained, one can conclude that the new scope of modifications contained in CONAMA's Resolution 499/2020 is harmful to sustainable development, with environmental setbacks also to the agricultural and cement sectors for several reasons. Firstly, because of the cement industry's greater contribution to the aggravation of climate change, due to the increase in CO2 eq. emissions. This fact is a contradiction in the environmental guidelines of the sector that has sought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).
On the spatial issue, the environmental impacts aggravated by the CP will lead to greater environmental pressures in all municipalities that have furnaces equipped for CP, with the exception of the MET impact, which applies only to the context of coastal municipalities.
The municipality of Cantagalo-RJ will suffer direct aggravation of environmental pressures, already existing by the CP with the entry of these new residues, because the Região Serrana fluminense is also an important agricultural sector of the state that may opt for the disposal of pesticides through the CP route. In addition to harm to the population's health by HT, the watersheds of Rio Negro and Macuco will be even more vulnerable to WEC and WD impacts.
Regionally, the MMBH stands out, and could be the region of the national territory that will most absorb the synergistic effects of the impacts on ecosystems, due to phenomena such as droughts and water shortages, which already affect the water resources of the Upper São Francisco Basin and part of the Paraná Basin. In addition, the WEC and WD impacts will have negative effects on the quality and availability of water resources.
It is worth pointing out that the mechanisms of these impacts will damage the health of the population residing in all locations, with increases in cases of infections, thermal discomfort, respiratory system diseases, culminating in hospitalizations and mortalities, with social and economic losses, especially to the public health system.
The cement plant workers are the most vulnerable class, as they are already subjected to various health risks from constant exposure to toxic substances from hundreds of types of co-processed hazardous waste, and in the future, also to pesticide residues.
It is worth pointing out the imminent possibility of destabilization of the reverse logistics of the CL system, which has, over the years, been making investments and presenting mitigation of environmental impacts that can be proven through sustainability reports of the program, originated from an extensive chain of reverse logistics and circular economy in the last twenty years.
Therefore, it is recommended to the Brazilian agricultural sector to maintain, prioritize, and expand the CL system in other Brazilian cities to compete in the waste management market with the CP based on criteria of sustainability of the product (agro-toxic) that already has a high environmental risk.
It is also recommended that the cement producing sectors that use PC, the municipal and state environmental agencies, and research institutions should be more vigilant in monitoring the environmental quality parameters due to the change in the legal framework, considering, especially, the continuous monitoring of pollution and its consequent regional and local impacts.
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Data availability
The entire dataset supporting the results of this study has been made available on Mendeleydata, and can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/zgt3g2xyfb.1
Received: August 14, 2021
Approved: November 16, 2021
DOI: 10.20985/1980-5160.2021.v16n3.1743
How to cite: Aguiar, D.B., Aluizio, U., Paulo, V. (2021). Regional environmental impacts from changing environmental legislation for co-processing of agrochemicals. Revista S&G 16, 3. https://revistasg.emnuvens.com.br/sg/article/view/1743